PVJAI SINDHU

Pusarla Venkata Sindhu is an Indian professional badminton player. At the Rio Summer Olympics in 2016, she became the first Indian woman to win an Olympic silver medal. She is one of the two Indian badminton players to ever win an Olympic medal  other being Saina Nehwal.

Sindhu came to international attention when she broke into the top 20 of the BWF World Ranking in September 2012 at the age of 17. In 2013, she became the first ever Indian women's singles player to win a medal at the Badminton World Championships. In March 2015, she is the recipient of India's fourth highest civilian honor, the Padma Shri. Her silver medal win in the women's singles event of the 2016 Summer Olympics made her the first Indian shuttler to reach the final of an Olympics badminton event and the youngest Indian to make a podium finish in an individual event at the Olympics.

Sindhu was born (5 July 1995) to  P. V. Ramana of  West Godavari district and P. Vijaya of Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh state. In 2000, Ramana was awarded Arjuna Award for his sport. Though her parents played professional volleyball, Sindhu chose badminton over it because she drew inspiration from the success of Pullela Gopichand, the 2001 All England Open Badminton Champion.  She eventually started playing badminton from the age of eight.

Sindhu first learned the basics of the sport with the guidance of Mehboob Ali at the badminton courts of Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications in Secunderabad. Soon after, she joined Pullela Gopichand's Gopichand Badminton Academy badminton academy.  The fact that she reports on time at the coaching camps daily, travelling a distance of 56 km from her residence, is perhaps a reflection of her willingness to complete her desire to be a good badminton player with the required hard work and commitment.

Gopichand seconded this correspondent's opinion when he said that the most striking feature in Sindhu's game is her attitude and the never-say-die spirit. After joining Gopichand's badminton academy, Sindhu won several titles. In the under-10 years category, she won the 5th Servo All India ranking championship in the doubles category and the singles title at the Ambuja Cement All India ranking. In the under-13 years category, Sindhu won the singles title at the Sub-juniors in Pondicherry, doubles titles at the Krishna Khaitan All India Tournament, IOC All India Ranking, the Sub-Junior Nationals and the All India Ranking in Pune. She also won the under-14 team gold medal at the 51st National School Games in India.

Career

In the international circuit, Sindhu was a bronze medallist at the 2009 Sub-Junior Asian Badminton Championships held in Colombo. At the 2010 Iran Fajr International Badminton Challenge, she won the silver medal in the singles category. Sindhu reached the quarterfinals of the 2010 Junior World Badminton Championships that was held in Mexico. She was a team member in India's national team at the 2010 Uber Cup.

2016

In January, Sindhu won the Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold women's singles title after beating Scotland's Kirsty Gilmour in the final. She had also won this tournament in 2013.

In the 2016 Premier Badminton league, Sindhu was the captain of Chennai Smashers team. In the group league, she won all of the five matches to help her team qualify for the semifinal. However, in the semifinal. her team was beaten by Delhi Acers.

Rio Olympics 2016

At the  women's singles event, Sindhu was drawn with Hungarian Laura Sarosi  and Canadian Michelle Li in Group M. During the group stage matches, she beat Laura Sarosi (2–0) and Michelle Li (2–1). Further she ousted Taipei's Tai Tzu-ying (2–0) in the round of 16 to meet the second seed Wang Yihan in the quarterfinals, whom she defeated in straight sets.

Sindhu later faced the Japanese Nozomi Okuhara in the semifinals, won in straight sets, and ensuring her a podium finish. This set the stage for her final showdown with top seed from Spain, Carolina Marín. Marin managed to beat Sindhu in three sets in the 83-minute match. With that result, Sindhu clinched the silver medal. She charted history of achieving the feat as she is youngest and first women individual to bag an Olympic Silver medal representing India. This was the second instance of podium finish at the Olympics by any Indian badminton player.

Honours

• Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award for badminton in 2016

• Arjuna Award for badminton in 2013

Pine Marten

The European pine marten known most commonly as the pine marten in Anglophone Europe, and less commonly also known as pineten, baum marten, or sweet marten, is an animal native to Northern Europe belonging to the mustelid family, which also includes mink, otter, badger, wolverine and weasel.The body is up to 53 cm in length, and its bushy tail can be 25 cm. Males are slightly larger than females; on average a marten weighs around 1.5 kg. Their fur is usually light to dark brown and grows longer and silkier during the winter months. They have a cream to yellow coloured `bib` marking on their thro ats.

Banana Spiders

The Brazilian wandering spiders, armed spiders, as they are known in Brazilian Portuguese, or banana spiders appear in Guinness World Records from 2010 as the world's most venomous spider. Guinness World Records states that although the Brazilian wandering spider venom is the most toxic, an effective antivenom is available and few fatalities occur. The spiders in the genus can grow to have a leg span of 13 to 15 cm (5.1 to 5.9 in). Their body length ranges from 17 to 48 mm (0.67 to 1.89 in). Despite their reputation as the world's deadliest spiders, there are multiple studies that call into question their capacity for fatal human envenomation, though some of these are labeled with a level of uncertainty, as Phoneutria are often confused with other genera of ctenids, lycosids or other large labidognatha spiders. Of the eight described species, P. nigriventer and P. fera most frequently receive mention in mass-media publications. P. nigriventer is the species responsible for most cases of venom intoxication in Brazil because it is commonly found in highly populated areas of southeastern Brazil, such as the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. The species P. fera is native to the northern portion of South America in the Amazon of Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and the Guyanas.

`Flood`shed

Fastest bird swift

we have seen them flying at about 9000 feet. If they need to they can fly twice that high. It is reported to reach a top speed of 169km/hour. The needle-tailed swift or spine-tailed swift is commonly reported as the fastest bird in level flight. There's still an awful lot that we don't know about them, making them a real Mystery Bird. They feed, drink, mate and sleep on the wing, and only land to breed. So a young Swift will spend its first two or three years in constant flight before it nests. Because they never land on the ground, and are so fast and so totally aerial. Swifts are amazing, beautiful birds. Supreme aerialists, they spend almost all their life in the air, a lot of that at low level, feeding on airborne insects.

sweden Mine hotel

It is deepest hotel in the world. The Sala Silvermine hotel locted at Scandinavia, in Sweden, in the county of Vastmanland and in the town of Sala. Hitting rock bottom on vacation can be a very cool experience. For it is there that travelers can find the Sala Silvermine and can stay in the accommodations of its Mine Suite. At 155 meters (509 feet) below ground level. As early as the 1400s and as late as 1962, miners excavated silver, lead and zinc from beneath the ground here. The town of Sala was ordered built on its current site by King Gustavus Adolphus in 1624 and all the infrastructure around it. Today, precious metals are no longer being extracted from the mine; it is operating purely as a tourist attraction. 

Top trend

Beast Mode, ‘For convenience’, and Thugs lead the top trending words and phrases in 2015. This is preliminary to GLM’s thirteenth annual WOTY (Word of the Year) rankings that will be released at this year end. Beast Mode (Rank 1) 2. For convenience 3.Thugs 4.Deflate Gate 5.Princess Charlotte 6.Deep learning 7.Anthropocene 8.Drone 9.Digital Darkness 10.Invisible Primaries 11.Near-Nude 12.Migrant-electorate 13.Evolve 14.Intelligence Explosion 15.Almond Shaming.   

Youngsters favorite and common using words are these:

1.Lame 2.Naive 3.Senpai 4.Logam 5.Snafu 6.Sissy 7.Voracious 8.Spell Bound 9.Chivalrous 10.Carpe Diem. 

Octo-Boy

Eight limbed Deepak Kumar Paswaan, (nicknamed octo-boy), in Buxar village in the east Indian state of Bihar was born with a rare condition called Parasitic Twin. A parasitic twin (also known as an asymmetrical or unequal conjoined twin) is the result of the processes that produce vanishing twins and conjoined twins, and may represent a continuum between the two. He had the arms and legs of an undeveloped twin growing out of his chest. The parasitic twin stopped developing in the womb leaving Deepak with arms, legs and buttocks protruding from his chest. It is clear that the parasitic twin shares Deepak’s blood supply. Dr. Manny Alvarez, managing editor of health at FoxNews.com and Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Science at Hackensack University Medical Center in New Jersey said that surgery would be extremely complicated, if not impossible due to the large amount of vascular structures that would need repairing. Deepak was exposed to the people in their village, he was being related or linked to and 8 limbed God in India. Some people have worshipped him for a while and the others attacked and hated him for they believed that He brings bad luck to the community people. The way Deepak treated was so heartbreaking, and because of this He had developed low self-esteem and suffered his whole life running and hiding. But in June 2010 top doctors at the Fortis Hospital Bangalore agreed to operate on Deepak's parasitic twin for free, saving his impoverished family the £50,000 it would have cost otherwise. He was scheduled for a surgery that lasted 4-hour operation at Fortis Hospital and with the help of sophisticated equipments and health professionals the procedure to separate Deepak Kumar Paswaan from his twin was a success. He is now living a normal and happy life.

2. Boy with 15 fingers and 16 toes:

A Chinese boy was born with 15 fingers and 16 toes. With a total of 31 fingers and toes combined, he broke the previous record of 25. The boy underwent a surgery which lasted for 5 hours to have his extra fingers and toes removed.

3. Girl with 4 arms and 4 legs:

A girl named Lakshmi Tatma from India was born with 4 arms and 4 legs. Her parents were laborers and couldn’t afford the expensive surgery to remove the extra limbs. Luckily, thirty doctors from Sparsh Hospital in Banglore did her surgery for free.

4. The boy with Extra head:

In 2004, a child named Manar was born with an undeveloped twin attached to his head. The extra head could smile and even blink. Only a year later, the extra head was removed, and the child’s mother appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show with her surviving child. Unfortunately, Manar passed away in 2006 due to a brain infection.

5. Baby with two faces:

Kangkang was born with an abnormality called transverse facial cleft, which gives him the appearance of having two faces (or wearing a mask). His parents finally managed to save enough money for the expensive treatment at the People Liberation Army’s Military Hospital.

6. The 3 legged Man:

Lentini was born in 1889 in Rosolini in the province of Sirocusa, Sicily as one of twelve children. While he was billed as ‘The Man With Three Legs’, Lentini actually had four feet as a small malformed secondary foot protruded from his third leg. Thus in total he had three legs, four feet, sixteen toes and two sets of functioning male gen** itals. Furthermore, to complicate his life further, all of Francesco’s legs were of different lengths. However, Lentini was a very charming man and his charm did not go unnoticed and a young lady named Theresa Murray soon took a liking to Lentini. The pair soon wed and together they had four healthy children. Lentini continued touring until he passed away at the age of seventy-eight in 1966.

Elephant seals

Elephant seals are large, oceangoing earless seals in the genus Mirounga. The two species, the northern elephant seal and the southern elephant seal. The northern elephant seal, somewhat smaller than its southern relative, ranges over the Pacific coast of the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The southern elephant seal is found in the Southern Hemisphere on islands such as South Georgia and Macquarie Island, and on the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina in the Peninsula Valdes, which is the fourth-largest elephant seal colony in the world. These animals are colossally large in comparison with other pinnipeds, with southern elephant seal bulls typically reaching a length of 16 ft (4.9 m) and a weight of 3,000 kg, and are much larger than the cows, with some exceptionally large males reaching up to 20 ft (6.1 m) in length and tipping the scales at 4,000 kg; cows typically measure about 10 ft (3.0 m) and 910 kg. Northern elephant seal bulls reach a length of 14 to 16 ft (4.3 to 4.9 m) and the heaviest weigh about 2455 kg. Elephant seals spend upwards of 80% of their lives in the ocean. They can hold their breath for more than 100 minutes. Elephant seals dive to 1,550 m beneath the ocean's surface. Elephant seals have a very large volume of blood, allowing them to hold a large amount of oxygen for use when diving. They have large sinuses in their abdomens to hold blood and can also store oxygen in their muscles with increased myoglobin concentrations in muscle. In addition, they have a larger proportion of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. These adaptations allow elephant seals to dive to such depths and remain underwater for up to two hours. While excellent swimmers, they are also capable of rapid movement on land. As they search for their favorite foods, which are skates, rays, squid, octopuses, eels, small sharks and large fish.

Amazing Take Off

An amazing flying display by Boeing during the Paris Air Show 2015. It was a great performance, i.e vertical Take Off. This Boeing 787 is a 787-9 and will join the fleet of Vietnam Airlines soon. It` s always a pleasure to watch the flying displays. The Paris Air Show is the world's calendar-oldest air show. Established in 1909, it is currently held every odd year at Le Bourget Airport in north Paris, France. The recently concluded 2015 Paris Air Show became the 51st (from 15–21 June 2015). A record number of visitors, Some 3,51,000 people both Visitors and Professionals are just excited the Boeing flights vertically take off splendid show.The Dreamliner family has been the darling of aviation enthusiasts around the world since the first version debuted in 2011. Its lightweight, fuel-saving superstrong carbon fiber materials and other cutting edge design features were touted as the future of the airline industry. The 787-9, the latest version of the Dreamliner, first rolled off the assembly line in Everett, Washington, in 2013 and was delivered to its first customer, New Zealand Airlines, the next year. It's longer and has a longer range than its predecessor, the 787-8.The next Dreamliner, the 787-10, is expected to begin commercial service in 2018.

Basenji

Basenji..the one and only barkless dog in the world. Is a well-defined breed created by nature and the oldest also. The Basenji is a small hunting dog from Africa. It is a proud, faithful, teasing, playful dog who will try to outsmart you every chance it gets. It has a phenomenal intelligence, and is also an independent thinker. Basenji`s Life span 12 – 16 years and the male dog height 41–43 cm with average weight 10–12 kg. As well as the female dog grown up 38–41 cm height with 9–11 kg weight. They have a reputation for being stubborn, but they can be taught in the hands of a skilled trainer. The Basenji has associated with man since long before the building of the pyramids. This fascinating hound is still used as a hunting dog by people in Africa to this day. They are not terribly obedient. It is important to establish yourself as the pack leader with the Basenji, so early obedience training is important. The Basenji has a lot of energy and loves to play and to stay busy. They will need plenty of exercise. While they are predominantly used as hunting dogs, they also excel at lure coursing, agility, and tracking. It is true that the Basenji doesn't bark, and it is a quiet breed most of the time. But it is not silent. The Basenji can be loud when he wants to be. They can crow like a young rooster, whimper, and whine. It has a loud growl when it needs one and it actually yodels when it's happy. It also wails when It's unhappy. The Basenji is affectionate, but not as demonstrative as other breeds. It loves his human family, but can be aloof with strangers, so early socialization is important. Because it doesn't bark, it is not a watch dog in the traditional sense, but it is alert and will make noise to let you know if something is wrong. It is also naturally protective of his family, especially children.

Biggest Reptile and Bird Park

George is the sixth oldest town in South Africa, situated in the beautiful Western Cape Province and is the Capital of the Southern Cape. The town is very  centrally situated, halfway between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth and centre of the Garden Route. Ideal from where to explore the area's many variant and diverse scenic wonders. It has world`s biggest Reptile and Bird Park. The Victoria Heights Reptile and Bird Park is located just outside of George on route to Victoria Bay in the Garden Route. The Reptile Park houses a large variety of reptiles in their natural habitats. Amongst the reptile there are Anacondas of more than 5 meters long, Cobras, Rattle Snakes, Bullfrogs, `Boomslange` and leguans. Too much delight of young and old the Reptile Park is also home to a talking crow, small birds, monkeys and farm animals in like goats and rabbits and more in the touch farm. Exotic bird species like Knysna Loerie, and more than 50 species of doves, and a variety of Swans, Geese, Ducks, Sparrows and many more species can be seen. Open 7 days a week from 9:30 A.M to 5:00 P.M

Guided smart rifle

The smart rifle is packed with sensors and it own computer to control the firing process. TrackingPoint’s rifle increases the pull strength of the trigger until the the the target is aligned. In this way, the shooter is more likely to hit their target and accidental firings can be largely avoided. The Smart Rifle tags targets within a 500-1200 yard range and automatically shoots them - even if they're moving as fast as 10 miles per hour. so, there is no need for sharpshooters. The self-aiming semi-automatic rifle does all the heavy lifting. The high-tech sight then takes into account humidity, wind and the typical ballistic drop you'd expect from a bullet fired over such a distance. It uses a built in computer to aim at a target, and can even 'lock on' top targets and automatically track them. Once the target has been selected, the scope provides cross-hairs which have to be lined up with the pin that is dropped on the target. The system includes a Linux-powered computer in the scope with sensors that collect imagery and ballistic data. TTX system – which tracks Range, drop, magnus effect, spindrift, coriolis effect, direction, cant, inclination, pressure, temperature, humidity, muzzle velocity, barrel length and twist, lock time, ballistic coefficient, and drag coefficient, according to DigitalTrends. To ensure accuracy, the shooter can not even squeeze the trigger unless the cross-hairs and pin are alined. To shoot at something, First 'mark' it using a button near the trigger. Marking a target illuminates it with the tracking scope's built-in laser, and the target gains a red pip in the scope's display. The shooter is more likely to hit their target and accidental firings can be largely avoided. The makers of the rifle also claim that the gun is safer than a standard bolt action rifle. The U.S. military has begun testing several so-called smart rifles made by TrackingPoint.

Ancient Tatoo

In ancient cultures, the people believed that tattoos had magical significance or healing powers. Kitamura mentions one historical book about Japan that wrote about the discovery of clay figurines from the Jomon period (10,000 B.C. - 300 B.C.). Those clay figurines that were found were covered in designs that were probably the tattoos of that time. In 1948, the body of a Scythian man who lived around the year 550 B.C. was found in Siberia. He had very detailed tattoos that depicted mythical animals that covered his limbs and torso. A number of years after that discovery, another tattooed body of a woman who dated around the same time period was found in a tomb in Altai. The tattoos that covered her shoulders, wrists and thumb were also of mythical creatures. Around 450 B.C., a Greek writer by the name of Herodotus wrote that in the Scythian and Thracian cultures, “‘tattoos were a mark of nobility, and not to have them was testimony of low birth.’ In different parts of the world, there were different views on whether tattoos were for wealthy nobles or the poorer classes. The Japanese have a word, irezumi, that means ‘the insertion of ink’ and it original meant that tattoos were used as a punishment. In the early 1700’s, Japanese tattoo artists started calling themselves and their tattoos by different names in order to distance their art work from the torturous tattoos of the past. The earliest appearance of tattoos on women were in the circus in the late 1800s. These "Tattooed Ladies" were covered - with the exception of their faces, hands, necks, and other readily visible areas - with various images inked into their skin.

In order to lure the crowd, the earliest ladies, like Betty Broadbent and Nora Hildebrandt told tales of captivity; they usually claimed to have been taken hostage by Native Americans that tattooed them as a form of torture. However, by the late 1920s the sideshow industry was slowing and by the late 1990s the last tattooed lady was out of business. Today, women sometimes use tattoos as forms of bodily reclamations after traumatic experiences like abuse or breast cancer. In 2012, tattooed women outnumbered men for the first time in American history - according to a Harris poll, 23% of women in America had tattoos in that year, compared to 19% of men. In 2013, Miss Kansas, Theresa Vail, became the first Miss America contestant to show off tattoos during the swimsuit competition — the insignia of the U.S. Army Dental Corps on her left shoulder and one of the "Serenity Prayer" along the right side of her torso.In August 2013, William Mullane of London was tattooed with a portrait of his late father which used ink mixed with a small portion of his father’s ashes.In recent years, various lawsuits have arisen in the United States regarding the status of tattoos as a copyrightable art form. However, these cases have either been settled out of court or are currently being disputed, and therefore no legal precedent exists directly on point.

caroplane

Terrafugia's Transition "flying car"..The plug-in hybrid-electric aircraft would take off and land vertically, like a helicopter. If the DOT and FAA allowed it, we could literally fly over the highway whenever you run into traffic, though we can't imagine that pilots will ever get the green light to take off from public roads, even if the TF-X becomes a reality. For now, it exists only in the minds of Terrafugia's ambitious team. Since 2006, Terrafugia has been working to develop a true flying car that’s safe, economical and practical to use. Though it’s a massive leap in methods of transportation, and one that may yet be decades away from public trust, it’s exciting nonetheless- and they’ve pushed it closer to reality for almost a decade. A July 20 press release from the Massachusetts-based company shared new renderings and an animated video of their latest concept development, the Outer Mold Line for the TF-X. On May 10, 2013, they first introduced the TF-X concept as a hybrid car capable of vertical takeoff – no runway necessary. The newest design update is much sleeker than the first TF-X we saw – the headlights are longer, the slope of the hood into the windshieled is smoother and the color patterns look similar to those of a BMW i8.

City of Darkness

It was a very complex place, difficult to generalise about, a place that seemed frightening but where most people continued to lead normal lives. A place just like the rest of Hong Kong. Kowloon Walled City was a densely populated, largely ungoverned settlement in New Kowloon, Hong Kong. The City also underwent massive construction during the 1960s and 1970s. Eight municipal pipes provided water to the entire structure (although more could have come from wells). A few of the streets were illuminated by fluorescent lights, as sunlight rarely reached the lower levels. Originally a Chinese military fort, the Walled City became an enclave after the New Territories were leased to Britain in 1898. Its population increased dramatically following the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong during World War II. By 1987, the Walled City contained 33,000 residents within its 2.6-hectare (6.4-acre) borders. From the 1950s to the 1970s, it was controlled by Triads and had high rates of prostitution, gambling, and drug use. In January 1987, the Hong Kong government announced plans to demolish the Walled City. 

Current status as park

The area where the Walled City once stood is now Kowloon Walled City Park, adjacent to Carpenter Road Park. The 31,000 m2 (330,000 sq ft) park was completed in August 1995 and handed over to the Urban Council. It was opened officially by Governor Chris Patten a few months later on 22 December. Construction of the park cost a total of HK$76 million. After an arduous eviction process, demolition began in March 1993 and was completed in April 1994. Kowloon Walled City Park opened in December 1995 and occupies the area of the former Walled City. Some historical artefacts from the Walled City, including its yamen building and remnants of its South Gate, have been preserved there.

Address: Kowloon City, Hong Kong

Hours: Open today · 6:30 am – 11:00 pm

Neverland

Though the property has been renamed, a floral clock  on the grounds still spells out Neverland. World famous pop king Michael Jackson lived there from 1988 to 2005. He paid $19.5 million for the property in 1987. It was one of the oddest celebrity compounds in history: A mansion and an amusement park, petting zoo, a railroad and a train station all spread over 2,800 acres in California’s Santa Barbara County, dotted with more typical star comforts like a tennis court, swimming pool and basketball court. He turned it into a personal fantasy land that encompassed 22 buildings, including a 12,000-square-foot French Normandy-style main house, two guest houses, and a movie theater that had trap doors for magic shows. In addition to the main house, there are two guest houses, one with four bed rooms and one with two bed rooms. There is also a movie theater. Jackson had a train with a steam engine called Katherine, named after his mother. The train to get you around the property. It was about a quarter mile from the main house to the 50-seat movie theater and a station house modeled after the one at Disney World. The topiary Neverland clock in front of it remains. Neverland was once home to orangutans, baboons, an elephant, giraffes and Jackson`s pet chimpanzee, Bubbles. But those animals are all gone. But even wiped of its amusement park rides and zoo animals, to many of Jackson`s fans, it will always be Neverland.

Face Off

Plastic surgery now a days has become more and more popular. Some people believe that it is a technique to raise the beauty of a person. The basic intention of this surgery is to enhance the appearance of the individual by changing the parts of the body. Plastic surgery, the practice of reshaping body tissues for reconstructive or aesthetic purposes dates back to antiquity. Derived from the Greek plastikos, meaning `to mold,` plastic surgery holds a critical place in cultures all over the world. For centuries, tribes would disc their lips, stretch their earlobes, bind their feet, file their teeth, and tattoo and scar their skin. If contemporary popular series such as Extreme Makeover and Nip/Tuck are any indication, plastic surgery has not lost any of its cultural power. While filed teeth may not appeal to everyone, men and women of today still have a wide range of surgical procedures from which to choose, including liposuction, nose jobs, eyelid surgery, tummy tucks, and breast augmentation and reduction. The term `plastic surgery` also includes nonsurgical options such as Botox, microdermabrasion, collagen injections, laser hair removal, and chemical peels. Plastic surgery, however, was not always so readily available or varied and was even shrouded in mystery, magic, and eroticism.
If someone was severely injured in a car accident or any horrible accident, he/she might reconstruct their outward appearance by means of plastic surgery and then get an opportunity to be reborn. Richard Lee Norris a 39-year-old Virginia man severely disfigured by a 1997 gun accident has received the most extensive full-face transplant in medical history, according to University of Maryland Medical Center surgeons. Based on these cases, Norris’ appearance is likely to gradually transform over time to look like a combination of his new and original face, and he may regain at least partial sensation.
In 1997, he accidentally shot himself in the face during an argument with his mother. But, in 2012, he underwent the most extensive face transplant ever - a 36-hour operation involving 150 medical staff at the University of Maryland Medical Center. Norris underwent a complex reconstruction which involved receiving his teeth, jaw and part of his tongue from a donor.The transplant, which came after dozens of other operations had failed to rebuild his face, also included tissue running from the neck to the scalp. Mr Norris, from Hillsville, Virginia, spent years living as a recluse after the accident, which took place when he was 22. Dr. Rodriquez is hopeful that Norris, who is unemployed and has lived with his parents since the accident, will now be able to have a full life.
Norris said - `My friends have moved on with their lives, starting families and careers. I can now start working on the life given back to me.`
The first person to receive a partial face transplant was Frenchwoman Isabelle Dinoire, whose face was mauled by her dog after she took an overdose of sleeping pills.The operation was carried out in 2005.

stunning Stars

The sun is the most important star in our galaxy. It is the source of life on earth. Most of all ancient civilizations worshiped the sun as a god. In the same way there are also about 300 billion different stars in our galaxy. All of which contain different history, characteristics and general information. They each contain their own story of how they came about. Many of these stars are a part of a certain constellation and have been around for billions of years.

Polaris is one the best known stars. Polaris is not hard to miss in the sky; it is the 50th brightest star and does not disappear. The reason this star will not disappear is due to the fact that the Earth’s axis is aligned pointing towards Polaris in the same direction North faces but will eventually shift over time. In comparison to the sun, this star is 10,000 times brighter, 100 times larger and has 10 times more mass to our sun. Polaris has about the same temperature as the sun. 

Sirius also known as The Dog Star or Canicula was discovered in 1915. Sirius gets its name from the use in the Greek calendar. “The time of year when this star rose and set with the Sun was the hottest part of the summer, and was given the name Seirios, 'scorching', a name that was acquired by the star itself”.Sirius is the fifth closest star to the solar system”. It is only 8.6 light years from our solar system which makes this star the brightest star known. Sirius has a binary system which means that there are two stars revolving around each other. “Sirius A is a blue-white star 25.4 times bigger than the sun. Its surface temperature is twice as hot as the sun, over 20 times brighter, and it’s mass 2.32 times more.” Sirius B revolves around Sirius A. This star is the first white dwarf to be discovered. Its diameter is almost equal to that of the earths. “It has a mass is 98% that of the sun, making it extremely dense.”

Another famous star is Betelgeuse. This star gets its name from the Arabic meaning “Armpit of the Central one”. It is the tenth brightest star in our galaxy and the brightest star in Orion which is the constellation in which it lies in. This star shines an orange-red color, 7,500 times brighter than the sun. Its surface temperature is 6000F. Betelgeuse is one of the largest stars known with a diameter of 700 million miles. This star is 520 light years away and also has about five companion stars in its orbit which is rare for a Red Super Giant. “Red super giants are stars that are close to the end of their life”.  Betelgeuse has about ten years left till it ends in a supernova explosion.

VY Canis Majoris also known as VY CMa was discovered roughly around March 7, 1801, by a French astronomer Jerome Lalande. (universetoday) Throughout the 19th century it was believed that VY Canis Majoris was a single star until 1917, Guerin noticed a three nuclei (Robinson, IBVS 599) the red hypergiant is the largest star known in The Milky Way but also in the entire universe. “It has a diameter of about 3 billion kilometres. Its radius is about 1,800 to 2,100 times the radius of the Sun.”  VY Canis Majoris is about 40 times the mass of our sun. ” It has an average density of about 0.000005 to 0.000010 kg/cu.m. This is very less when compared to the density of water (1000 kg/cu.m).” This star is about 4,900 light years from the Earth.  This star is found in the constellation of Canis Major which lies in the southern part of the sky. The name in Latin means “the greater dog”. This star is one of the most luminous stars. “Its luminosity is about 450,000 times the luminosity of the sun.” It is believed that this star is extremely unstable, as huge amounts of it’s mass it being thrown off into the closest nebulae.

swimming bird

 Penguins are highly social, often breeding in large colonies. Some species forage cooperatively and may dive synchronously while foraging in small or large groups. Species that breed in large colonies often have elaborate visual and vocal displays. Vocalizations are characterized as loud, short brays, grunts or whistles, the type depending upon species, for instance, banded penguins (Spheniscus) are also known as 'jackass penguins' because of their braying, while the giant penguins of the genus Aptenodytes most often whistle. In colonial species in which chicks group together in a nursery (or crèche) recognition of mates and offspring seems based on individually distinguishable calls. Penguins have a number of characteristic physical features, such as their erect posture, stiff wings, and counter-shaded body coloring (dark backs and white fronts). Penguins are medium to large birds. The smallest (the Little Penguin) is typically 40 cm (16 inches) tall and a body mass of one kilogram, while the Emperor Penguin can reach 1.15 meters (43 inches) and attain a body mass of 22-37 kg.Depending upon the terrain, penguins on land will waddle along shorelines and ice, or hop from rock to rock, some species being more adept at one form of locomotion on land than another. When on ice or snow, penguins can move swiftly by tobogganing (sliding along on their belly and propelled by their wings and feet).  Underwater, penguins use their modified wings (or 'flippers') to propel themselves forward, and it is this underwater 'flying', combined with the solidity of their bones, that enables them to reach great depths. The Emperor penguin is an exceptional diver and can stay submerged for 18 minutes and dive as deep as 500 meters (1,640 ft). Swimming speeds average two to three knots (3.7km/hr), but may reach 15-20 knots (27.8-37km/hr) for short distances. Swimming often includes porpoising (repeatedly breaking the water's surface with enough momentum to lift the bird into the air for about one meter), which may be carried out for reasons of speed, escaping predators or even purely to aid breathing (and possibly a combination of these factors).

Handy ultrasound machine

ultrasound which is also commonly known as a Sonogram. The definition of ultrasound is energy that is generated by sound waves of 20,000 or greater vibrations per second. Ultrasound is used in many different arrays. It is most often used in the medical field. Ultrasound uses sound waves that are too high to be heard by the human ear. A part of the ultrasound machine called the transducer is placed on the body part and sound waves are emitted from the transducer and reflected back from organs and tissues. When the wave is sent back to the transducer it puts it into the computer which then measures the length of time it took for the wave to leave and come back and this is what makes up the pictures.

Features of the Pocket divice

The quick look that may strengthen your clinical confidence, aids in speedy diagnosis, and deepens the patient connection.Enhance the physical exam by looking inside patients non-invasively with ease.

Inspect organ function and make diagnoses quickly and confidently. Connect more deeply with patients for quality care.Time savings and clinical accuracy of a new miniature ultrasound device was investigated utilizing comparison with conventional high-end ultrasound instruments. The main diagnostic strengths of the portable device were in the detection of ascites (sensitivity 80%), diagnosis of fatty liver, and identification of severe parenchymal liver damage. Mean time for overall examination per patient with the portable ultrasound device was shorter (25.0 ± 4.5 min) than with the high-end machine (29.4 ± 4.4 min; p < 0.001). When measuring the size of liver, spleen, and kidneys, the values obtained differed significantly between portable device and the high-end instrument.

Instant insight

Ultrasound system wherever needed for instant insight at the emergency bedside. This pocket-sized ultrasound device offers immediate access to imaging for timely, more informed decision making at the point of care. Designed with the FAST (Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma) exam in mind, the ACUSON P10 system features ED specific presets, instant power-up, and a simple, intuitive PDA-style interface. An SD Memory Card and USB port make storing and outputting images or clips easy and fast.This ultra-portable ultrasound system complements our initial diagnostic assessment by helping to verify clinical suspicions, decreasing the time from triage to treatment.

The LUNA RING

Architectural/engineering firm Shimizu has proposed a Moon-based solar power plant to solve our energy and climate crisis here on Earth. And also Japan, which was hurt by the devastating Fukushima meltdown in 2011, is actively seeking out alternative power resources to wean itself off nuclear energy. So, Shimizu wants to build a giant strip of solar panels 248 miles wide all the way around the Moon’s equator. Then, they’d send the energy back to Earth in the form of microwaves, which we’d convert into carbon-free energy at stations on the ground. Proposed for operation as early as 2035. Since, the moon has no atmosphere; the cells would be continuously harnessing solar power. Shimizu have also proposed pyramid cities and a space hotel, so the Luna Ring might not be the wildest thing in their minds. Given that California has already signed a contract to buy electricity from Solaren’s Earth-orbiting power plant, a Moon unit can’t be that far behind.

Green energy

The Shimizu Corporation, Japan what it is planning to build a solar power plant on the moon, Called the LUNA RING, the project will harness sun's power and beam it to the earth.The firm planning this incredible feat, plans to place solar cells near the moon's equator. The belt of cells will be about 400 kilometers (248 miles) and will soak-up the sun's energy and direct it to earth in the form of microwaves and lasers."Virtually inexhaustible, nonpolluting solar energy is the ultimate source of green energy that brings prosperity to nature as well as our lives," the company said.

Constructing a Solar Power Grid on Moon

The firm wants to employ an army of robots to help build the solar grid. Shimizu will use lunar resources to construct the Solar Belt, which will stretch to about 11,000km in length (6835 miles). Machines and equipment will be manufactured on earth and sent to moon for installation. A team of astronauts will manage robotic surface operations. "Water can be produced by reducing lunar soil with hydrogen that is imported from the Earth. Cementing material can also be extracted from lunar resources. These materials will be mixed with lunar soil and gravel to make concrete. Bricks, glass fibers and other structural materials can also be produced by solar-heat treatments," the company also said. As our atmosphere is virtually transparent to microwaves and lasers, Shimizu envisages solar energy being fed through microwave/laser transmitters located around the Earth-facing side of the moon. As the moon orbits the Earth and the Earth rotates, international receiving stations will feed electricity grids with plentiful lunar solar power as the moon rises to when it sets.

colors are three

Originally there are only three colors in the world. The basic colors of red, green, and blue are used to create the secondary colors. Tertiary colors are created by mixing primary and secondary colors together.For human applications, three primary colors are usually used, since human color vision is trichromatic.For additive combination of colors, as in overlapping projected lights or in CRT displays, the primary colors normally used are red, green, and blue. For a subtractive combination of colors.Primary colors are not a fundamental property of light but are related to the physiological response of the eye to light. Fundamentally, light is a continuous spectrum of the wavelengths that can be detected by the human eye, an infinite-dimensional stimulus space.Humans and other species with three such types of color receptors are known as trichromats. scientists such as Thomas Young, James Clerk Maxwell, and Hermann von Helmholtz expressed various opinions about what should be the three primary colors to describe the three primary color sensations of the eye. Additive mixing of red and green light produces shades of yellow, orange, or brown. Mixing green and blue produces shades of cyan, and mixing red and blue produces shades of purple, including magenta. Mixing nominally equal proportions of the additive primaries results in shades of grey or white. * There are warm colors and cool colors. Warm colors tend to be orange, red, yellow, etc. and cool colors are greens, blues, and purples. * White, black, and grey are neutral colors.* When a color is tinted that means that it's getting lighter (has white added to it) and when it is a shade it is getting darker (has black added to it).

Maglev Train

Magnetic levitation is the latest in transportation technology and has been the interest of many countries around the world. The idea has been around since 1904 when Robert Goddard, an American Rocket scientist, created a theory that trains could be lifted off the tracks by the use of electromagnetic rails. Many assumptions and ideas were brought about throughout the following years, but it was not until the 1970’s that Japan and Germany showed interest in it and began researching and designing.The motion of the Maglev train is based purely on magnetism and magnetic fields. This magnetic field is produced by using high-powered electromagnets. By using magnetic fields, the Maglev train can be levitated above its track, or guideway, and propelled forward. Wheels, contact with the track, and moving parts are eliminated on the Maglev train, allowing the Maglev train to essentially move on air without friction.

How..it runs..

Maglev can be used for both low and high speed transportation. The low speed Maglev is used for short distance travel. Birmingham, England used this low speed transportation between the years of 1984 and 1995. However, engineers are more interested in creating the high-speed Maglev vehicles. The higher speed vehicle can travel at speeds of nearly 343mph or 552 km/h. Magnetic Levitation mainly uses two different types of suspension, which are Electromagnetic Suspension and Electrodynamic Suspension. However, a third suspension system (Intuctrack) has recently been developed and is in the research and design phase. These suspension systems are what keep the train levitated off the track.

PROPULSION SYSTEM

ELECTRODYNAMIC PROPULSION IS THE BASIS OF THE MOVEMENT IN A MAGLEV SYSTEM. THE BASIC PRINCIPLE THAT ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPULSION FOLLOWS IS THAT “OPPOSITE POLES ATTRACT EACH OTHER AND LIKE POLES REPEL EACH OTHER”. THIS MEANING THAT THE NORTH POLE OF A MAGNET WILL REPEL THE NORTH POLE OF A MAGNET WHILE IT ATTRACTS THE SOUTH POLE OF A MAGNET. LIKEWISE, THE SOUTH POLE OF A MAGNET WILL ATTRACT THE NORTH POLE AND REPEL THE SOUTH POLE OF A MAGNET. IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE THESE THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THIS PROPULSION SYSTEM. THEY ARE: A large electrical power source, Metal coils that line the entire guideway,Guidance magnets used for alignment. Despite decades of research and development, only two commercial maglev transport systems are in operation, with two others under construction.In April 2004, Shanghai's Transrapid system began commercial operations. In March 2005, Japan began operation of its relatively low-speed HSST "Linimo" line in time for the 2005 World Expo. In its first three months, the Linimo line carried over 10 million passengers. South Korea and the People's Republic of China are both building low-speed maglev lines of their own designs, one in Beijing and the other at Seoul's Incheon Airport. The Shanghai Maglev Train, also known as the Transrapid, is the fastest commercial train currently in operation and has a top speed of 430km/h. The line was designed to connect Shanghai Pudong International Airport and the outskirts of central Pudong, Shanghai. It covers a distance of 30.5 kilometres in 8 minutes.Many maglev projects are controversial, and the technological potential, adoption prospects and economics of maglev systems are hotly debated.

Most Peaceful Countries

Iceland topped the list of the world's most peaceful countries based on the list in GPI (Global Peace Index) because of two things: No standing army and a good welfare system providing health and education to each of its people. The GPI gauges national peacefulness and last year's report indicated that the world became less peaceful as 111 countries have worsened since 2008, while only 51 nations have improved. Iceland, an island about the size of Kentucky, lies in the north Atlantic Ocean east of Greenland and just touches the Arctic Circle. It is one of the most volcanic regions in the world. Capital and largest city Reykjavik. Total country Population 2014 est. 317,351. Denmark ranked second in the GPI list.  Austria is made it third. At rank 4 is Asia-Pacific's New Zealand. Switzerland placed fifth. Finland is at sixth place. Canada enjoys a "high level of safety, high standard of living and high life expectancy" making it land in 7th place. Japan is at eighth place followed by Belgium at ninth and Norway at tenth place.

Making water from air

Atmospheric water generation, AWG is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapor. The rate at which water can be produced depends on relative humidity and ambient air temperature and size of the compressor. Atmospheric water generators become more effective as relative humidity and air temperature increase. As a rule of thumb, cooling condensation atmospheric water generators do not work efficiently when the temperature falls below 18.3°C (65°F) or the relative humidity drops below 30%. This means they are relatively inefficient when located inside air-conditioned offices. The cost-effectiveness of an AWG depends on the capacity of the machine, local humidity and temperature conditions and the cost to power the unit.  AWGs are useful where pure drinking water is difficult or impossible to obtain, because there is almost always a small amount of water in the air that can be extracted.Research has also developed AWG technologies to produce useful yields of water at a reduced (but non-zero) energy cost.AWGs at this time can now be used as a sole source of water for commercial and industrial applications, as well as residential secondary buildings. 

Barra Airport

Barra Airport is one of the world's most spectacular and beautiful airports, located on the hebridean island of Barra , Scotland. The airport is actually a beach, in fact, it's the only airport in the world where scheduled flights take-off and land on a beach. That is, provided the airport's three runways are not submerged at high-tide. This wide shallow bay of Traigh Mhor, near Barra's northern tip, was once famous primarily for its cockles until aircraft started to use the beach on 14 June 1933. Scheduled air services to and from Barra Airport began on 7 August 1936.The beach is set out with three runways, marked by wooden poles at their ends. This allows the Twin Otters that serve the airport to almost always land into the wind. At high tide these runways are under the sea and flight times has to be regularly rescheduled with the tide. If emergency night landing is required vehicle lights are used to illuminate the runway and reflective strips laid on to the beach.Surprisingly, the Barra beach is also open to the public. In fact, it’s a very popular spot for cockle picking. Visitors to the beach can tell if the airport is operating by checking to see if the windsock is flying.Although flying into or out of Barra sounds like a great adventure, the airport is subject to the same safety rules as anywhere else. Facilities include modern emergency services, though the airport fire crews are called out far more frequently to help stranded dolphins or seals on Traigh Mhor than for any reason connected with the aircraft operations.

Under Sea Shiva Temple

Nishkalank Mahadev Temple in Koliyak, Bhavnagar, Gujarat (India) is full of wonders and awe. This temple is buried inside the sea. On a heavy tide day, all that can be seen are the flag and a pillar. It is beyond ones comprehension that there is a Lord Shiva Temple just under the fierce sea. This temple is still in use, and people reach out to Lord Shiva’s temple about 1.5 kilometers into the sea on foot!.  Nishkalank’ has many meanings - they are clean, pure, guiltless, to cleanse, to purify, etc.  The temple has 5 distinct swayumbu Shiva lingams inside. Each lingam has a Nandhi facing it. The lingams are spread across a square platform. There is a pond called Pandavas pond, where devotees first wash their hands and legs and only then they visit the shrines.One can visit this temple only two times in 24 hours.This is definitely one of the best spiritual destinations!

Pitohui poisonous bird

 They're not just for snakes and spiders! Some birds also poisonous. While no bird currently known to science wields a venomous bite. But It is, in fact, the only known genus of poisonous bird in the world. The Pitohui  is one of New Guinea's most widely spread birds. Undoubtedly, there are other bird species that have chemical self-defense mechanisms to prevent predators from eating them, but to date, this is the only bird found to actually be poisonous to humans. At least three species of pitohui have a strong poison in their skin and feathers, the Hooded and Variable Pitohui being the deadliest of the three. Pitohuis are generally about 23 centimetres long with strong legs and a powerful beak. They are brightly feathered in red and black warning colors, much the same as the frogs. The Hooded appears to be the most dangerous, with the Variable being of medium toxicity and the Brown Pitohui the least harmful.  The Hooded Pitohui is brightly colored, with a brick red belly and a jet black head. The Variable Pitohui, as its name implies, exists in many different forms, and twenty subspecies with different plumage patterns have been named. Two of them, however, closely resemble the Hooded Pitohui.Jack Dumbacher, researcher at the California Academy of Sciences, discusses his 1980s discovery of New Guinea's Hooded Pitohui, the first poisonous bird to be documented by science.

Some of the best discoveries in science are completely serendipitous. Dr. Dumbacher discovered, quite by accident, that a common Papua New Guinea bird uses potent poisons for protection. A defense never before documented in birds. And that's just the beginning of the story.

Lion of the ocean

Shark_Eye

Sharks, like lions, weed out the sick and slow fish to keep the population strong. They also scavenge on the bottom of the ocean any carcasses that settle there. The attacks on humans are more likely the shark “tasting” to see if the movement is a fish. When the shark realizes that the human is not its prey, they move away. Sharks are a group of fish. They are found in all seas and are common to depths of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).sharks have diversified into over 505 species. They range in size from the small dwarf lanternshark (Etmopterus perryi), a deep sea species of only 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the largest fish in the world, which reaches approximately 12 metres (39 ft) in length. Well-known species such as the great white shark, tiger shark, blue shark, mako shark, and the hammerhead shark. sharks are "cold-blooded" or, more precisely, poikilothermic, meaning that their internal body temperature matches that of their ambient environment. One important feature of sharks is that they are made up of cartilage not bone. There has been research done on shark cartilage to see if it has any cure properties as sharks do not get cancer.Most sharks give birth to live young. The young develop inside the eggs, hatch, and leave behind an empty egg.There are species of sharks that give birth to live sharks called pups.

There are three ways in which sharks reproduce and give birth to new pups.

Viviparity:They only have a few at a time and they abandon them after delivery. Baby sharks instinctively know how to survive immediately. The mother shark goes on about her business without giving them a second thought. Shark mothers do not take care of their young.

Oviparity:Other species of sharks will lay eggs in a well hidden area. The eggs are in a protective case that makes it difficult for predators to get to them even if they do find them. Since sharks don’t have very many enemies even the little ones are often able to survive at a very high rate.

Ovoviviparity:Most sharks use this method of reproduction. The eggs hatch inside the mother and they continue to be nourished by the yolk of the egg and some fluids from the mother. The young born alive and fully functional.

Some species practice a form of cannibalism known as oophagy, which means that they will eat the remaining eggs that have not hatched in order to grow and survive. Sharks can live around 25 years in captivity.

Eiffel-Towers Of India

7 wonders Park..

As one of the most iconic images in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of over 30 duplicates and similar towers around the world. India has also Eiffel tower replica at Kota, Rajasthan.The Park has the exact Replica of the 7 wonders of the World. Are being raised in a single park in Kota. A single visit to this park will give you a glimpse of the Seven Wonders of the world at one place. This will also boost tourism and bring fame to Kota. Replicas of Seven Wonder in Kota (Rajasthan) Taj Mahal,Great Pyramid of Giza,Brazil’s Christ the Redeemer,. Eiffel Tower of Paris, Leaning Tower of Pisa, New York’s Statue of Liberty, Rome’s Colosseum.The Rs 20-crore project is being implemented by the local wing of the Urban Development Department, the Urban Improvement Trust of Kota. 

 

The former French colony of Pondicherry, now the southern Indian state of Puducherry, is building a replica of Eiffel-Tower at Yanam. The project worth Rs 30 crore was built on a 14 acre-site at Guriampet overlooking the Bay of Bengal. The project was funded by Reliance Industries Limited and Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation (GSPC) also contributed more than Rs 5 crore for the tower. The tower will provide a panoramic view of the Bay of Bengal but entry will be restricted to the restaurant (at a height of about 40 metres) for safety reasons. The tower has a circular shaped restaurant which can accommodate 160 people and a conference hall which can hold 50 guests. 

The Dubai Miracle Gardens

The world's largest natural flower garden, the 72,000-square-meter attraction, located in Dubailand, has more than 45 million flowers.  Desert miracle..The name is apt, considering this mega-garden was like pretty much everything in Dubai,built on desert land.The Dubai Miracle Gardens has more than four kilometers of walkways. It'll be a miracle if you get through it without breaking a sweat. The most beautiful garden opened on Valentine’s Day. Most of visitors named it as a “little piece of Eden” on earth. The Garden features type of flowers which have never been planted in Gulf region before like Calendula, Marigold, Petunia etc. Though the gardens are now open to visitors, the attraction isn't complete. Shopping outlets, restaurants and plant nurseries. Dubai Miracle Garden: Al Barsha South; open daily, 9 a.m.-9 p.m., October to late May. The gardens will be closed during Dubai's notoriously hot summer months. Temperatures average 40 C (104 F) from June to September.

The Death Road

`The Death Road,` is located in the Yungas region in Bolivia. It is (alternatively known as Grove's Road, Coroico Road, Camino de las Yungas, Road of fate or Death Road) a 61-or-69-kilometre (38 or 43 mi) road leading from La Paz to Coroico, 56 kilometres (35 mi) northeast of La Paz in the Yungas region of Bolivia. This road is amongst the few that connect northern Bolivia to the Amazon rainforest region. The road consists of a single lane that is no more than 10 feet with no guard rails. There are extreme drop-offs that make the drive very dangerous, especially having no railings to stop you from falling. According to the Inter-American Development Bank, this is the “world’s most dangerous road.” There has been thousands of people that have died driving on this road. The weather contributes to making the drive very dangerous. Fog, dust and rain can reduce visibility. In 2006, construction was done to this road; bridges, drainage, rails, and multiple lanes with pavement have been put in to make it safer for drivers to travel.

Rabbit-sized Camel

The earliest known camel was the rabbit-sized Camel (Protylopus), 45 million years ago. This was a forest-dweller, similar in appearance and lifestyle to modern duikers and chevrotains. It had four-toed feet with hoofed, unguligrade toes that is, they walked on the very tips of their toes. The hindlimbs were longer than the front limbs for quick acceleration and brief bursts of speed through the forest undergrowth. Lower limb bones show the beginnings of elongation and weight reduction for more efficient running, with the radius and ulna of older individuals completely fusing over time.  Protylopus that fed on tender leaves, fruits, and possibly invertebrates. Lived in North America during the Eocene. It was about the size of a RABBIT and lived in the open woodlands of what is now South Dakota. By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas. 

At Present Camels originally evolved from the animal ‘protylopus’. Eventually they found their way into Asia where they now thrive in the millions. Their unique biological functions and structure makes them well adapted to dry desert areas and are often called ‘the ship of the desert’. Camels belong to the family camelidae and are closely related to other animals in this family such as llamas and alpacas. Depending on the species of the animal, camels can have either one hump or two. They are found mainly in the desert regions of the Middle East, Africa and Asia. 

The biology of Camels

 The average adult camel is 7 feet tall; the humps add a foot or so to the height. A running camel can reach speeds of up to 65 kmph, which is why the camel racing sport is so popular. For the following reasons, the camel has often been termed 'the ship of the desert'.

The most striking feature of a camel is – you guessed it – its hump. These are located on the animal's back and while popularly believed to store water, the humps are actually made up of fatty tissue. This keeps the fat, and hence heat away from the rest of the body, helping the camel deal with the harsh desert temperature. This tissue (when converted by the oxygen acquired through breathing) helps provide the camel with energy. Camels can survive for very long periods without drinking water. At one go, they can consume up to 150 litres of water! This seemingly unbelievable feat is made possible through the size of the animals' red blood cells, which unlike any other mammal, are oval and not round. These strong cells allow for the storage of such a tremendous amount of water without bursting. When the animals breathe, the water that would be lost into the air is directed back into the body with the help of the camel's nostrils.

Easily Survive

Camels can withstand gruelling temperatures – up to 41 °C in the daytime and 34 °C at night. As a result, the animals rarely sweat, which means less water loss.The eyelashes of the camel are longer than found in other animals and served to protect the eyes from the blowing sand. The nostrils can also close for the same purpose. Camel legs are long so that their bodies are not close to the hot desert sand. Even the hide or skin of the animal protects it from the sand.Since camels live in deserts, their mouths have become adapted to eating cacti and thorny bushes. Camels have a single toe and wider feet than most other animals which makes walking on sand a lot easier for them. Their style of walking also keeps them from sinking into the sand with every step they take.

Camel's milk may treat Aids, cancer

The Arab Science and Technology Foundation that is working on a project to produce recombinant RNA from antibodies found in camel's milk to treat several diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's and hepatitis C, apart from Aids, plans to approach American and European pharmacological organisations.Microbial diseases including leptospirosis, glanders, epizootic ulcertaive syndrome, lymphangitis, mastitis, pasteurellosis, paratuberculosis, tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene clostridia, the plague and the rickettsias also appear to be of very minor importance to the camel in comparison to other domestic animals.The relatively low molecular weight of the camel's heavy chain antibodies and certainly the recombinant VHH derived from these heavy chain antibodies, confer a big advantage here compared to common human antibodies.The camel antibodies have the same antigen affinity as normal antibodies consisting of light and heavy chains, but are much smaller. Moreover, the comparative simplicity, high affinity and specificity and the potential to reach and interact with active sites, camel's heavy chain antibodies present advantages over common antibodies in the design, production and application of clinically valuable compounds.Two years will be needed to prove curative effectiveness of drugs generated from camel milk on human beings said Arab scientists.The experimental phase of any drugs takes between eight and 10 years,To guarantee a 100 per cent curative effectiveness and clearance from side effects.